The Impacts of Oslo Accords on Palestinian Sports

       
           

Issam Khalidi

   Though Palestinian sports had made remarkable progress (especially internationally) since the Oslo Accords in 1993 until now, however, this progress was on the account of many national values accumulated throughout the period 1950s – 1980s. Regardless of the successes Palestinian sport recently achieved at local, regional and international levels it had turned from a social-patriotic-democratic means that sought to achieve national goals into an institution whose survival depends on its legitimacy in the eyes of the international community rather than its popularity among the Palestinian people.

   In 1948, the Nakba ('Catastrophe') made three quarters of a million Palestinians homeless, leading to the creation of refugee camps across Palestine, as well as Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. Later, Palestinian sports had been launched from clubs in cities in Gaza Sector and West Bank and these in the refugee camps.  Since late 1960s until 1993 sports in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and the Gulf States were under supervision of the PLO. After the Oslo Accords most the Diaspora political elite became centralized in the West Bank and Sector Gaza. The dissolving of the PLO as the only and legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by the PA  had its negative impacts on the course of the sports movement, and on its credibility as part of the Palestinian national movement.  

    In 1970s-80s, in the West Bank and Sector Gaza,  Palestinians were  constantly confronting the Israeli occupation and its repressive policy. However, this daily confrontation  and suffering had moral implications on them. Sector Gaza and the West Bank at that time were free of corrupted bureaucratic system. They lacked governmental institutions such as Ministry of Sports, or sports federations. These institutions are the basic condition for sports growth in any country. Their lack resulted in a clear delay in sports development at the time when Palestinian sports in neighboring countries as well as sports in Arab countries made reasonable growth. However, the absence of a state may have its positive effects on some aspects. As Palestinian scholar Amal Jamal put it “the lack of a central authority led to the development of a vibrant civil society [in Palestine].”

   Rabitat al-Andiyyah al-Riyadiyya Association of Athletic Clubs was established in 1975 in the West Bank. And in 1978 another Rabitat al-Andiya was established in Gaza Sector. It is worth mentioning that al-Rabita took its legitimacy from the wide fundament of the people and athletes in the West Bank and Gaza Sector. At that time social-athletic clubs and civil societies institutions were mostly part of the national movement that its line was parallel to that of the PLO. This included clubs in the West Bank and Gaza Strip some of which were funded by Fatah. At the same time, this period was described as an interconnected society with a strong and homogeneous social fabric. Sport contributed to the strengthening and maintaining of the Palestinian social fabric. It brought youth from villages, cities, political factions, Moslem and Christians together.

   After the initial breakout of the Intifada, Al-Rabita was suspended spontaneously until the end of 1991, and re-established in January, 1992. However, it was suspended again due to the Oslo Agreement and the construction of the new institutions by the Palestinian Authority which competed with the existing Palestinian civil organization and sought to control or suspend them. "The new Palestinian Authority rejected the civil organizational infrastructure, instead it promoted the establishment of new institutions loyal to it. When the returning PLO rank and file entered the West Bank and Gaza Strip in accordance with the terms of the Interim Agreement, it changed the social fabric of Palestinian society in these areas,” wrote Amal Jamal.

   The focus on the West Bank as center of all activities - whether political, cultural or sporting - led to the weakness of the PLO. Palestinian refugees, especially those displaced in 1948, felt marginalized on many fronts, including sports. What is happening today is that some parts of Palestinian Diaspora (especially in Lebanon) feel neglected and marginalized. Palestine Football Association's (based in Ramallah) focus was and still on the West Bank. The second Football Association has been established in Lebanon (PFA in Diaspora). Obviously, a lack of coordination between these two associations is existing. The return of top PLO figures to Palestine after decades of exile turned the West Bank and Gaza Strip into center of gravity for Palestinian sports.

     The establishment of new governing institutions for sports opened the door for the PA to create its own circles and supporters. The patterns of recruitment (such as patronage and partisanship) familiar in Arab society were the most available. It was not based on competence and equal opportunities. The returnees considered themselves the most deserving of governmental jobs. Although the people in Gaza and the West Bank highly appreciate their previous sacrifices, however, these returnees imagined that they were the ‘real’ fighters for  Palestinians rights, and this is why they deserve the high rank jobs.

    The Palestinians today are reaping the results of the Oslo Accords: more land-grabbing, expansion of Israeli settlements, the Separation Wall, increased number of checkpoints and the 13-years Gaza blockade. Since 1993 until now about 125,000 Palestinians have been arrested, more than ten thousand have been killed. Of course, sport was not in isolation from all of this, athletes’ movement was restricted, stadiums were bombed, athletes have been arrested, some of them were shot in the legs, ending their careers. An Olympic footballer, Mahmoud Sarsak, was arrested in 2012 and held for three years without charge, even going on hunger strike for three months.

   Comparing the situations in Gaza and the West Bank before and after the Oslo Agreement, one will easily notice the increasing gap between the two as a result of the obstacles the occupation has put in place that had led to the dispersion of the Palestinian sports. Jerusalem had been isolated from the West Bank. The distance between cities and villages in the West Bank had doubled three or four times during the twenty-seven years of the Oslo Agreement.

    Unfortunately, the PA did not take strict stance against the Israeli occupation’s arbitrary practices. On the contrary, it had to provide the ‘landlord’ with few services in order to keep the ‘lease’ on (such as security coordination with the occupation). The leading BDS (Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions) figure Omar Barghouti maintains that Palestinian officials spearheading the campaign to expel Israel from FIFA in 2015 “was our Achilles’ heel because the Palestinian Authority (PA) is chained to the humiliating Oslo agreement and is not designed to resist Israel’s regime of oppression in any meaningful and strategic way.”

   Mondoweiss explains that the lack of firm institutional support from the PA means that sustained civil society pressure, which BDS seeks to generate, is crucial for convincing national and international sporting institutions, such as the PFA and FIFA, to take decisive action against Israel.

   After the Oslo Agreement Palestinian economy became a hostage for international grants, therefore, any cessation of aid to the Palestinian Authority could easily affect all spheres of life, including sport that depends on the PA. For instance, the PA's financial crisis has also led the government to stop paying club allocations, which vary by club level of $ 70,000 for professional league clubs.

  An understanding of Palestinian sports after Oslo requires consideration the major split between the returnees and their partners from the occupied territories, and, on the other hand, the growing number of independent sports activists representing athletes, veterans and the leaders of social-athletic clubs, who emerged under occupation and became increasingly dissatisfied with the power structures emerging in the PA. Club leaders, former Rabitat al-Andiya’s leaders and sports activists have been marginalized and ignored, or forced to work with the new PA but to submit only to its orders. They felt they had lost privileges they enjoyed before, such as initiatives and independency. It was clear that there was a cultural and ethical confrontation between these and the PA.

    There are some who believe that Oslo Accords accelerated the process of Palestine’s admission into the International Olympic Committee IOC and the International Football Association FIFA, especially that the applications to join these two organizations were rejected several times previously. This admission was granted to Palestinians for their ‘integration’ in the international community. However, others argue that Palestine as a member of FIFA has a significant opportunity to be presented as an independent nation and as an integrated entity in the international community. This affiliation refutes the alleged claims that Palestine lacks the ingredients to be presented in international organizations as an independent entity. 

    Despite dispersion and exile, Palestinian sports, prior to Oslo Accords enjoyed more democracy and integration than today. In his book The Question of Palestine published in 1979 Edward Said wrote “It’s a matter of national pride that today’s [prior to 1993] Palestinian is better schooled in the ways of political democracy than any other Arab, and this despite dispersion and exile.” 
   Many believe that Palestinian sports in the Diaspora and under the occupation experienced a democratic system of governance. Talking with veterans in the West Bank, they admitted that during the period previous to 1993 they were free to criticize, to share and support their opinions. They noted that they were not dictated from an absolute power from above, confirming that sports at that time was an effective means that contributed with other aspects in building a democratic society that respected Palestinian human rights.