Tuesday, March 18, 2025

Palestinian Athletes Talk Out of the Rubble

            

    It was during the genocidal war on Gaza that my colleague, sports journalist, Nelly Al-Masri, interviewed some of the best-known professional Palestinian athletes. This was a heroic action by her, especially when the war was still ongoing at the time she took this action. Furthermore, a number of people, including athletes, were suffering under the starvation, destruction of infrastructure, and the suffering that they were going through. In response to her decision, I encouraged her to take this action, and I offered to translate the interviews into English to expose the brutality of the Israeli forces to the world, and to let the world know about the suffering Palestinian athletes are experiencing.

 

   The majority of these players were members and players of social athletic clubs in Gaza where they competed. It’s worth noting that from the early 1950s, the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) also established service centers in Jabaliya, Rafah, Khan Yunis, al-Shati’, al-Nusayrat, al-Burayj, and al-Maghazi, which became clubs with their own teams, participating in local and Arab championships and playing a leading role in the development of sports in the Strip.

 

Since October 2023, athletes and sports infrastructure have been impacted by the genocidal assault that Israel has inflicted Gaza’s people and its built environment. In addition to the athletes and coaches who have been killed, sports clubs and arenas have been destroyed, and stadiums used for mass arrests and mass graves. Over 570 martyrs from the sports and scouting movements have been killed since the war began in October 2023.

 

There are hundreds of examples of the brutality of the occupation directed toward athletes. The martyrdom and torture of athletes Frayj al-Hallaq, a veteran athlete and Alzheimer’s patient, was executed by Israeli occupation forces, who left him to bleed to death in front of al-Shifa Hospital. Nagham Abu Samra, a Palestinian karate champion and member of the Palestinian national team, was also martyred in the bombing of her home in al-Nusayrat camp: she succumbed to wounds sustained from shrapnel that put her in a coma. Long-distance runner and athletic coach Majed Abu Maraheel, who in 1996 became the first Palestinian to compete in the Olympic Games, died of kidney failure in Gaza, unable to receive treatment as a result of the siege and destruction of the Gazan health system.

 

  In addition to clubs, the headquarters of the Palestinian Olympic Committee, the Palestinian Football Association, and the Supreme Council for Youth and Sports have been demolished, as have many stadiums. According to the Supreme Council for Youth and Sports, the most notable stadiums destroyed in northern Gaza and Gaza City are Palestine Stadium, Yarmuk Stadium (built in 1951), Bayt Hanun Municipal Stadium, Bayt Lahiya Stadium, and the Gaza Sports Club. Israel also bombed the United Nations Development Program Stadium in Rafah, and the Khan Yunis Municipal Stadium and Sports City have also been destroyed. The al-Nusayrat Municipal Stadium and the baseball and softball stadium in al-Shati’ Camp were similarly destroyed.

 

   Like millions of others of Palestinians in Gaza, athletes have also been subject to the loss of livelihoods and homes. This war of extermination brought about a complete cessation and paralysis of sports activities. More than six thousand players, coaches, and sports cadres have lost their only source of income. They rely on humanitarian aid and cannot afford food and medicine for their families. Players, coaches and club cadres have also been denied the opportunity to represent Palestine in recent Arab and international championships due to the war.

                                                                                                                             Issam Khalidi

 

 

The Genocide Holds Palestinian Professional Sports Hostage

By Nelly Al-Masri

   "I dug a grave and buried him with my own hands". Ghassan Abu Odeh, 27 years old and a football player for the Ittihad Al-Shuja'iyya Club in Gaza City, has given a painful testimony about the suffering he has experienced. The player for the Palestine national football team and Ahli Beit Hanoun Sports Club, Rashid Dabour, was martyred on October 11, 2023, along with his wife's family. Because his house was so close to the border in Beit Hanoun in the northern Gaza Strip, he was forced to move to Al-Nasr west of Gaza City. The house is located about six kilometers from the Sderot settlement located in the lands that were seized by the Israelis in 1948. Since the raids intensified, he was buried in Beit Lahia, north of Jabalia, near Beit Hanoun and the armistice line with Israel that marked the end of the war in 1949.

Abu Odeh spreads out his hands and stares at them like they still have the traces of burial: "I never imagined digging a grave to bury my friend. It was one of the hardest things I've ever been through in my life. When we played at my family's club in Beit Hanoun, he was always there like my shadow. We had some great times together. We were always together, however, now he is departed forever.”

He looked pale and sad. "The loss is extremely painful. In addition to Rashid, I lost friends whose friendship meant a lot to me. There were international players like Mohamed Barakat, Mohamed Al-Malfouh, Tarek Al-Kafarna, Ahmed Abu Al-Ata, and my uncle who was very close to me, as well as others who were martyred during the extermination war in Gaza,” said Abu Odeh.

In the past few years, Abu Odeh, who plays offense, has developed into a star in the league. He played for Ahli Beit Hanoun Club before it was promoted to the Premier League in the 2017-2018 season. He then competed with the Jabalia Youth Team, but was unable to complete the season with them. His next move was to Ittihad Beit Hanoun Sports Club, which at the time was still in the second division, which he was very much enjoying. Later, he was promoted with this club to the first division, and then to the Premier League as well. As well as that, he also played for Al-Ahli Palestine in the first half of the 2017-2018 season before joining the Khadamat Al-Shatea Team in the second half and finally joining Ittihad Al-Shuja’iyya until October 7, 2023. In terms of his speed and ability to score goals with a header, Abu Odeh is considered one of the most distinctive attackers in the league. As a result, many clubs in the Gaza Strip took notice of him and made him a target for them.

 

The Premier League football championship in the Gaza Strip reached the seventh round when the Israeli occupation launched a war on Gaza. In those days, Ittihad Al-Shuja'iyya was leading and chasing the championship title. War devoured everything, so Premier League matches in Gaza were suspended.

 

  He explains that, since the first week of the tournament, the competition for my team has been very strong, and the league has been very strong, and we were aiming to win the championship. The Palestine Cup Championship was also on our minds. In my opinion, this was vital for many reasons, including the fact that the Shuja'iyya team competed a lot, but was not able to win the championship title despite their hard work and dedication. It was harvest season this year. At the same time, we made it to the semi-finals of the Cup Championship. I reached the best stage in my football career with Al-Shuja'iyya Union, who led the Premier League. I'd have been in a transitional period if I played professionally abroad and for the Palestinian team. Continuing with a sigh, he added: "The war took everything from us: our dreams, our sports, our homes, our lives, our future, our friends, but God's will is binding," said Abu Odeh.

 

Ghassan Abu Odeh lives in Beit Hanoun city near the border of the Gaza Strip on the eastern border of Beit Hanoun. After the occupation launched the war on October 7, 2023, he and his family had to flee in the first hours of the bombing. They hoped to return home in a few days. Abu Odeh says: "I didn't expect the bombing to be so brutal. Immediately, I made my way to my grandfather's house in Beit Hanoun with my family, expecting to be able to return after a few days. However, it became clear that displacement is a bitter story that I lived and that Palestinian citizens live throughout the Gaza Strip. We only stayed at my grandfather’s house for one night. As a result of the bombing, the situation was terrifying."

 

"   In Jabalia Camp, we were directed to the Awni al-Harthani School, but the occupation gave citizens a time period between 9:00 am and 4:00 pm to leave the area. It was on October 12 that we made the decision to leave Jabalia Camp and head to the southern part of the Gaza Strip," he added. No longer was the area safe. Several houses near the school were bombed, but something unexpected happened. There we stood in the street, waiting for a taxi to take us south. We stayed for a long time without any vain. We couldn't find any transport means. Having returned disappointed from our trip, we decided to head to another nearby school where we would spend the night, and we moved south the next morning. We moved early the next morning to the south. We weren't sure where we were headed. We were on a road that was terrifying. There was a bombing attack by warplanes on the houses. Many massacres took place against innocent people at the same time. The people carried their belongings, displaced and without a clue as to where they would go."

 

As he continued, "My family and I were in the same car. We had a very horrible feeling that we might all die at any moment due to circumstances beyond our control, but what happened was that we ended up in one of the schools in the Deir al-Balah camp, as we had been displaced from the coastal road to the beach.” Abu Odeh recounts those moments after he and his family had settled in the school as refugees. "During that particular moment, the first thing that came to mind was the match that I was preparing for against the Al-Hilal team. In this match, I would have had a big role to play, but what happened was way beyond my expectations. Everything was left behind. The medals and souvenirs from the sporting events couldn't be taken with me. Everything was lost.”

 

Until the sixth week of the tournament, Ghassan competed for the title of the top scorer of the league, scoring five goals during the tournament. Before the war, he was the last player to score a goal. As of today, he still believes that this was one of the most memorable stages of his football career. The explanation he gave is as follows: "I made five goals in six games, and I was a substitute in three games." During the game he referenced, his team, Ittihad Al-Shuja'iyya, tied with his former team, Ittihad Beit Hanoun Sports Club. "I was a substitute in that match and scored the winning goal. I was playing for the first time ever and it was my most memorable day ever."

 

Regarding displacement, he describes it as loss and bewilderment, with no decent life or even the simplest of rights: "Displacement is a very difficult experience. When I wake up from sleep, I am not in my own home, I am not with my family, I am not with my friends, and I am not in my own life. A lot of things are lost every single day, even food, drink and privacy to name a few. As we are on the threshold of winter, the conditions were almost unsuitable, as in terms of material means, we were at the very bottom of the scale. In spite of the fact that we did not have blankets and clothing, we were forced to be patient, regardless of ourselves, in order to survive. After that, I moved as a displaced person between Rafah in the south and Deir al-Balah in the middle as a displaced person. It was time to check on my sister and my displaced relatives."

 

As a result of a year-long genocide, Ghassan Abu Odeh did not surrender to the harsh circumstances, despite the harshness of their conditions. He attempted to overcome these difficulties as much as he could in order to remain in a psychologically healthy and fit state as a player. "For me, these circumstances did not weaken me, but increased my strength. I considered myself injured with a cruciate ligament and qualified to recover from it, to return with strength, because if I waited for the war to end and for the situation in Gaza to stabilize and for matches to resume, my return to the stadiums would be difficult, because I will be too old to go to the stadiums once the war is over. It won't be in my interest to play in this stadium anymore."

 

    "I was constantly training at sea, and I had a strong interest in swimming, in order to keep my physical level and fitness high. When it comes to nutrition as a football player, it's normal. In markets, you can't find food, and if you do, it's very expensive. I have only canned food to eat, but I have overcome that with whatever I have available." After a year and three months of the genocide, Abu Odeh still held hope despite the severity of the situation, and wondered in shock: “Is it possible that I am like a football player at the height of his glory, now in a shelter center inhabited by 26 thousand displaced people, and I have to wait until I can enter the bathroom, and I have to wait for my turn to bring water and other items.” In his words, "there are no components of life. As a great player, I never had any thoughts of losing my dream, because a great player never gives up hope, and they have a lot of determination, and I am sure that everything has an end, and the most important thing is to come back stronger than that time, and I have therefore reached football maturity at this point."

 

During the Gaza war, he believes that there were players who left Gaza and played professionally in Libya, Egypt and other countries, escaping the war of extermination. After the destruction of stadiums and clubs, they sought a better future for themselves in football, and they deserve the chance to play professionally in the future. It is his hope that they will have a successful future in football and that they will represent Palestine in the best possible way. A few of them are Muhammad Balah, Badr Musa, Tariq Abu Ghanima, Tawfiq Al-Bayk, Khaled Daher and many others. "It is a glimmer of hope that I might have a chance to play professionally abroad in the future. "

 

Abu Odeh is waiting for the war to end and the Rafah crossing to open. His dream of playing professionally abroad will now is within reach, which will give him the opportunity to travel and achieve his dream: "I will not back down from my ambition. I will travel and have new experiences. I believe in my abilities and capabilities. The last time I scored a goal was before the Gaza war in October 2023. I was the top scorer in the league before the Gaza war in October 2023. All the coaches and my fellow players praised my technical skills, so I will work harder.”

 

  International humanitarian law provides protection to internally displaced persons as civilians who are entitled to legal protection under international humanitarian law, as they are protected by the rules of protection established for the benefit of the civilian population and under the principle of distinction between civilians and combatants, which forbids the attack of civilians who are not involved in hostilities in any way. In accordance with the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1994, the Two Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 1977, as well as the rules of customary humanitarian law, the conflicting parties are obliged to protect and preserve their lives. In order for the conflicting parties to avoid situations that may result in the displacement of civilians, these laws must be based on the principles of customary humanitarian law, which serve as a basic source of this law.

 

 

Mahmoud Silmi: The Journey from Dignified life to "a Refugee in a Tent"

By Nelly Masri

 

     “My heart was ripped open the first time I stepped onto the field, and I felt a great deal of pain in my chest. The event was completely unknown to me at that point in time. I felt like I was still wearing my club's shirt, and I celebrated my goal with my fans. However, I didn't hear any players anymore because of the noise and the tents and gazebos. The stands became a laundry hangout. It was then that the war slapped me in the face, and I awoke to a scene that was painful to see in front of me.”

 

Mahmoud Silmi (27 years old), a Palestinian football star, is married and has two daughters. Celine was born during the war, while Sela is two years older than her. He entered the stadium as a refugee. The scene that took place in front of him was a nightmare that haunted all of his big dreams, especially after he shone in the stadium sky like a star.

 

He says: “I had to leave my home in Gaza City's Shujaiya neighborhood because of the war. I didn't imagine moving to the place where I lived my most beautiful moments. I scored goals here and celebrated with fans. Every time I enter it; I feel distress and suffering. In the middle of Gaza Strip, the Martyr Muhammad Al-Durrah Stadium always saw football stars scoring goals and celebrating amidst cheering crowds. Suddenly, it became a refuge for displaced people. It's after the Israeli occupation has been bombing Gaza since October 7th. There was silence in the stands and throats fell. The fans disappeared, football life and victories ended, and the displaced people forced to leave their homes took refuge in this stadium to face the harshest conditions of life grew louder as well.”

 

Silmi played for Al-Ahly of Egypt in 2018, but he didn't last long. After moving to Shabab Al-Aqaba Club in Jordan, he returned to Ittihad Al-Shujaia and finished runner-up in the Palestinian League 3 times. Ittihad Beit Hanoun Club suffered the same fate all Gaza clubs did: bulldozing and destruction of Gaza Strip clubs, as well as the martyrdom of Muhammad al-Titri and Hussam Junaid, among many of his player friends.

 

 

“My family and I were displaced for the sixth time between Gaza City and the Central Governorate. In the end, I settled on Al-Durrah Stadium. My first concern was getting a tent for my family. To keep my kids warm and safe during winter, I provided a tent and some simple things.”

 

In these conditions, all he cared about was making sure his girls were safe. The fall of shells and missiles was terrifying. He did everything he could to make them feel safe. In order to keep the kids happy, he changed the atmosphere of his tent. He tried to prepare the tent to reduce the heat as the summer heat intensified.

 

 “My attempts were not as successful as I expected, since all the circumstances are beyond my control. Now I'm thinking about traveling outside Gaza to find a future for us and some stability and security. I tried repeatedly to cope with this tough situation.”

 

"I used to wake up early and do individual exercises to stay fit before the war, and then I'd go home and finish my day with my family and go to the club." But now I wake up early to look for clean water, if available, filling gallons, providing food and drink, and a whole bunch more that I can't explain here.”

 

Even though Silmi has a hard time with his family, he doesn't hesitate to personally help displaced families in need. Particularly because of their similar circumstances and suffering, he provides tents, sets them up, and supplies some stuff, "and because I'm an athlete, I feel what they feel and no one remembers them", said Silmi.

 

Silmi posted two photos on Facebook, one in the Egyptian Al-Ahly shirt before the war and one now. "There is no club to sign with. The value of any signed contract is letting me out of this."

 

 

Hope Lies in Ruins

By Nelly Masri

 

   He took a pile of rubble and sat on it, as if he had fallen from a great height and hit the ground from the weight of what had happened to him. He repeated, "I lost a three-story house, I worked for more than thirty years to build it, and as soon as I became independent of my family, my house was bombed and razed to the ground. It was Saeb Jundiyeh, the former captain of the Palestinian national team. His shock was heightened when he saw the rubble of his own home, which he came to inspect. It was only after the ceasefire in Gaza was signed, and after he had been displaced for a year and three months that he was able to find what remained of his memories: the Palestinian national team shirt buried among piles of stones.

 

Jundiyeh lives in the Shuja'iyya neighborhood east of Gaza City, close to the border of the Gaza Strip on the eastern side. During the genocidal war against the Gaza Strip, this area was frequently bombed and destroyed by Israeli forces.

 

 "On October 7, 2023, I was surprised by the continuous and non-stop bombing. I was still standing in my house when shells struck, and smoke filled the entire house. My family including my mother left immediately our house to my grandfather's house near the Palestine Stadium, which is west of Gaza City. I stayed in the house until ten in the morning in order to follow up on the situation. If it was possible, I would stay and return to the family, but it was only a matter of minutes. There became a very difficult situation in the area and many martyrs fell, and I had to leave my home as a result. It was with my brothers and me that we went to Al-Shifa Hospital to check on the injured members of our family and then we stayed at my grandfather's house for a short while. However, as the shelling intensified, I was forced to flee and head south to save myself."

 

As a member of the selection department of the Palestinian Football Association for the southern governorates, Saeb Jundiyeh supervised the age groups of the Olympic, youth, and junior teams under the supervision of the Olympic, youth, and junior coaches. A football championship was held in all Gaza stadiums shortly before the war for those born in 2008, which was held in the days leading up to the war. This was done in order to select distinguished players to join the Palestinian national teams. Additionally, he worked at the Champions Academy for a short period of time before returning home. I trained again and signed a contract with Al-Hilal Club of Gaza three days before the war, but I was unable to participate in any matches before the war.

 

As Captain Jundiyeh inspected his house and cried in every corner of the house, in pain at the loss of his lifelong lover as well as his sports memories, it was not easy to talk to him. His pain could only be expressed through talking so that he could express his pain.

 

"There's nothing that can be compensated. It seems that the hardships of life have vanished with the wind, and there is no sign of the sports museum I established inside my house. Throughout the museum, you will find all the medals, cups, and the most precious accomplishments. This includes a bronze medal from the Arab tournament with the Palestinian national team in. In addition, there is a bronze medal in football during the third Asian Beach Games, held in China in 2012. This is in addition to medals, cups, and honorary shields. From all this history, I was able to extract two Palestinian national team shirts that I wore during my external participation. The second floor was where I lived, while the third floor was for my children.”

 

As the raids intensified and the bombing of Gaza City continued, the occupation dropped leaflets demanding that residents head south and evacuate the city. There was no room for survival in this situation, and no time for us to think immediately. As a result, we decided to head south. It was a matter that we were able to resolve in the end after talking to friends, and after reaching out to the president of the Deir al-Balah Union Club, his son "Moaz Abu Salim," who is the son of late Palestinian Football Association Vice President Ibrahim Abu Salim, offered us a place to stay.

   In order to get to the south, he and his family had to travel a long distance. “My family and I moved to Salah al-Din Road, accompanied by my mom. It was a frightening atmosphere in general. There were numerous warplanes bombing the sky non-stop and cars were not moving and transportation was completely paralyzed as a result of this. It took us six kilometers for us to walk from Palestine Stadium west of the city to Kuwait Roundabout in the middle of the Gaza Strip, a distance of six kilometers on foot.

The man was unable to remember what had happened to him for some time, as he tried to recall what had transpired: “While we were walking long distances under Israeli bombardment, we were tired and on our way to our destination. The occupation forces bombed some cars carrying civilian displaced persons on the side of the road, and there were martyrs on the sides. After passing through the Netzarim checkpoint, [the Netzarim Corridor is an area in the Gaza Strip that served as an Israeli zone of military occupation from 2023 to 2024 during the genocidal war] we were forced to change the route and take another road from the Zeitoun neighborhood east of Gaza City, which took us through the Zeitoun neighborhood.”

 

He looked behind him on his way to the south during the displacement, as if he were saying farewell to the city where he had lived, leaving behind his beautiful memories and details of his life. He said: “I left behind some of my most precious memories, the most beautiful days of my life, and the warm memories I held dear, as well as my medals, my club and Palestinian national team shirts, all my belongings, and even my identification cards. Unfortunately, I was not able to take them with me. In the area where I lived, the occupation destroyed everything that was left. Then it was impossible to return.”

 

As a displaced person and not a coach, Captain Saeb Jundiyeh arrived at Ittihad Deir al-Balah Club, west of Deir al-Balah Governorate, after a difficult journey filled with hardship and suffering to settle in the club as a displaced person and not a coach. There was no way he could have imagined that the stadiums and clubs that witnessed his achievements and sporting history were going to become places of forced displacement. In his words, he said, "I arrived at the club after a long struggle, and my friends were supportive enough to provide me with the club's headquarters as a place to stay during the displacement process. As a matter of fact, I never imagined that the club would become a place for displacement and not a place for football. The green rectangle is where I recorded the details of my life.”


 As Jundiyeh looks at his life, he sees that it has almost stopped. He is on the grounds of the Ittihad Deir al-Balah Club, displaced and unable to practice sports. In order to survive, he has to wake up early in the morning to find water, food, and firewood to light a fire in order to prepare food. There are many aspects of our lives that are different from the ones we had in our past lives. This is how he described the situation in which he found himself.

 

During the temporary stay at the club, the club's management, colleagues, and friends have taken part in a number of sports initiatives that have been initiated by the club. The purpose of these initiatives was to ease the anxiety and tension of the displaced people and children who were living in camps.

A feeling of frustration and despair dominated his mind as he tried to describe the reality he lives in, and as he tried to describe it, he seemed to fade. “Although there have been repeated aggressions in the past years, I have practiced sports and occupied myself with them in order to cope with them. However, while we are in the midst of the war of extermination, there is no time to think about sports or anything else that might distract us from this war. Before anything else, there are some priorities that need to be met. We have gone back hundreds of years, our lives have ceased, many of our sports friends have become martyrs, a large number of our relatives and cousins have passed away and nothing remains of our lives. In addition to the death of everybody, schools, clubs, institutions, etc., have all disappeared. A whole generation of people stands with their relatives in the water lines, in the soup kitchens, and so on."

 

Like any father, he tries to make sure that his children are protected and provided with all of the necessary support: “For a high school student (his son), everything was available to him: lighting, the ability to charge his phone and computer, and he was able to take private lessons from a teacher. However, despite this, we nonetheless looked for places to charge our batteries when we were displaced from our homes. It was, however, not possible for us to obtain any of them. While moving and searching for charging points, there was no sense of safety. As a result of the final exams this month, the winter season, and the displacement situation, we are completely paralyzed at the moment. There is a lack of internet access, which makes it difficult to print papers for my son's studies, causing the papers to be expensive, not to mention the lack of health food to sustain him. In spite of all this pain, memory does not have the power to overcome difficult circumstances in life.”

    It was during this time that he heard the most challenging words he has ever heard: "Don't let me die." These were the words of his cousin who suffered kidney failure while accompanying him to the hospital. “During the displacement period from the southern Gaza Strip to the northern Gaza Strip, I accompanied my sick cousin to the hospital every day for the duration of that period. In the days prior to the war, he returned to Gaza after undergoing an artificial kidney transplant, as he was suffering from kidney failure and had undergone a transplant in the past. One of his wife's kidneys was donated to him by her. In the midst of the war and displacement, it was necessary to continue the treatment and take special medications in order to preserve the kidney that had been transplanted.”

“As a result of the closure of the Rafah crossing, he was unable to get the medication he needed during the war, and he was not able to travel because of the closure. My cousin, Fawaz Jundiyeh, was a former football player at the Ittihad Al-Shuja'iyya Club and also served as a cubs coach there for some years. I watched him dying in front of my eyes every moment, and I was helpless to do anything about it. There was nothing I could do for him except provide him with psychological support and accompany him to the hospital. There was, however, a snag in the plan, and he ended up leaving his life in pain, deprived of some of the most basic rights he could have ever asked for."

 

From Green Fields to the Horrors of the Apocalypse

By Nelly Al-Masri

 

   The Palestinian professional football player Suleiman Al-Abeed, who claps his hands together in great pain, says with deep sadness, "I am lost in all my sports history," and he describes his feelings of loss and confusion after the occupation bombed his apartment. In the course of the war of extermination launched by the occupation against Gaza on October 7, 2023, he lost his entire sports legacy over the course of more than twenty years.

 

  As a result of the genocidal war, Al-Abeed sought refuge with his relatives in the Al-Shati’ Refugee Camp, his hometown west of Gaza City, a week after the war. This was after the occupation announced it would start a ground operation north of the Strip. His displacement journey began in one of the schools in one of the displacement camps that are located in the Al-Karamah Towers area northwest of Gaza City, where he lives. It was difficult for him to keep his tears from falling down as he continued to speak: "I fled my house under the sound of the raids and shelling that never stopped at that time. I took only the necessary personal items with me; I had to secure the lives of my family. The only thing I have left from the sports memories I had are the club shorts I was wearing under my sweatpants at the time."

 

Al-Abeed stands on the ruins, contemplating his longing for the past, as he says, "I have no memories left. I hoped to get back home within days. It was with great sadness that I had to leave my personal belongings, my Palestinian national team jerseys that I had worn for ten years, my club jerseys that I played for, the Khadamat Al-Shati' Club - the mother club, as well as the transfer to the Gaza Sports Club and my professional work at the Al-Am’ari Club in Ramallah, the West Bank, that I had been involved in for the past five years. Along with medals, cups, and individual awards, as well as sportswear. This consisted of 75 sports sets, and the computer which contains all of my goals and my sports career. Now I'm lost on the Internet looking for photos of myself to keep."

 

It’s worth to note that from the early 1950s, the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) also established service centers in Jabaliya, Rafah, Khan Yunis, al-Shati’, al-Nusayrat, al-Burayj, and al-Maghazi, which became clubs with their own teams, participating in local and Arab championships and playing a leading role in the development of sports in the Strip.

 

  As a Palestinian footballer, Al-Abeed was born on March 24, 1984, in Gaza, where he began his career as a member of the Palestinian club Al-Ahly. However, the team's coach at the time wasn't impressed and asked to exclude him. He then moved to the Khadamat Al-Shati’ team in 2002 and since then his stardom has been manifested for more than twenty years. Due to his remarkable skills and the dark coloring of his skin, Nour El-Din Weld Ali, a former technical director of the Palestinian national football team, described Al-Abeed as the Pele of Palestine.

 

In 2023/2024, the Gaza Strip started playing the Palestinian Premier League. It was supposed to end before Ramadan in 2024. Until the seventh round of the championship, Khadamat Al-Shati’ was in second place. At the time, the team was trying to compete with Ittihad Al-Shuja'iyya, which led the Palestine Cup Championship for the southern governorates until that point, and reached the golden square of the playoffs.

 

As early as October 7, 2023, he was preparing his team with the goal of playing a match against Khadamat Rafah in a crucial match. He says: "We were determined to win. We have started to prepare for this match, since it is going to be different from all other matches. It was anticipated that all the local teams would be looking forward to facing this team, as it truly deserves to win championships. Our team was fully prepared and ready to take on this team for first place." Due to unforeseen circumstances, this match had to be postponed until October 8, 2023. In this case, it is due to the fact that the police officers who secure the matches were busy with the security of Yarmouk Stadium." Al-Abeed's coach, Imad Hashem, the team’s coach for the team that Al-Abeed plays for, decided to hold a morning training session on Saturday, October 7, 2023, during a celebration in Gaza commemorating the 36th anniversary of the founding of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine. The shock, however, had a significant impact on the Gaza Strip people.

Al-Abeed describes what happened: "As I was preparing my sports bag for the trip to training, suddenly I heard explosions and shelling. At first glance, I thought it was a distant raid. After finishing preparing all my belongings, I waited a while to find out what was happening. As the situation progressed, it took a dangerous turn with continuous raids and violent shelling. Our training session, however, had to be postponed due to the fact that the stadium where we were training is located near the Netzarim checkpoint and in a border area. It was agreed by the coach that training would be canceled and instructions would be given two hours before the match. It was when the players gathered at the club."

  Israeli raids intensified, hitting many parts of Gaza City. There has been a suspension of Premier League matches and the Professional League in the West Bank until further notice by the Palestinian Football Association."

   Suleiman Al-Abeed is married and has three daughters and two sons; he is the father of four children. He is keen to maintain a balance between club activities and private life, since he mostly focuses on his children. He says: "Before the genocide, my social life was stable. There have been times when I have taken my children with me to the club to train and teach football during the school holidays. I wanted them to become like me in football. Due to the fact that I was the team captain, I had to be with the players, following up with their affairs and some of their problems as often as I could. I was there from sunset to dinner and then I was home."

 

The displacement, according to him, occurred during the time when the occupation was moving forward with the ground operation from the north of the Strip, and conditions in the area developed at the same time during which he stayed in the school at the beach camp for 40 days. “It was from the Al-Karamah area in the north that the invasion began, reaching the Eye Hospital west of Gaza City and ending at the intersection Al-Lababidi Street/Al-Nasr Street, which is less than one kilometer from where I had taken refuge.” Due to the military occupation in Gaza City, he was forced to leave his school in the camp and go to live with his grandparents in the northern neighborhood of Al-Rimal in Gaza City. It seemed as if everything flew above them: the stones of the bombed houses, shrapnel from the shells, thick dust and smoke, everything.

 

  In the meantime, the occupation threatened Al-Shifa’ Hospital in Gaza and before that for a while. A massacre took place at the Baptist Hospital in eastern Gaza, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of people. According to him, he experienced a painful displacement journey with his family, but he had no idea what awaited him would be so unbelievable. “The occupation began to demand that the residents of Gaza City move to what are called humanitarian areas in the southern Gaza Strip after the occupation began demanding that the residents of Gaza City leave the city to protect their families after I yielded to the insistence of relatives and my friends to leave the city. In many ways, our displacement felt like traveling through the unknown. His description of displacement can be summarized as follows.”

 

“On the middle of November 2023, we took some of the luggage we had with us, along with donkey carts, to the Netzarim checkpoint, where we crossed into the southern Gaza Strip. It was one day before the occupation had installed the Electronic Gate, (the Milking Gate Al-Bawwaba Al-Hallaba) [the Israeli occupation uses this gate as an apartheid device in order to humiliate Palestinians and treat them as animals in a way that borders on apartheid. It takes advantage of their need for treatment. In addition to this, it can also be used to cross over areas that have been separated by a separation wall], as it is commonly known among Gazans. This was despite occupation forces being at the checkpoint.” In this moment, Ali was asking for a pardon at any cost in order to cross over the gate of death at any cost. Trying to stay calm, he remained silent.

 

As he remembered, his eyes bulged as if time had just stopped: "We held a piece of white clothing high in our hands, announcing our peace." With two kids on my shoulders and some little bags, we walked to the checkpoint. It was important for me to prepare my children not to look left or right in the hope that the Israeli sniper would not get to them, and also for what they might see in front of them. I tried to support them psychologically as much as possible so that they would not be shocked when the attack took place.”

 

  The checkpoint was crowded with displaced people, and there were elderly people, sick people who could not walk, who were forced to be left in the street, as well as others who were begging anyone to help them by pushing their wheelchairs, but there was also an Israeli sniper watching those who were giving help and there were mothers crying in grief, searching for their sons who may have been martyred. Al-Abeed said that he did not know anything about them, so he was unable to help them.

 

In spite of the heavy steps they were making, they continued to try and cross the checkpoint with their feet as if they were shackled by iron chains. They moved one after another with a lot of weight. Between each move, there was a long, frightening pause fraught with the possibility of death. In order for them to escape the Israeli "Netzarim" death checkpoint, they had to cross a few meters.

 

  “I never imagined that my feet, with which I kicked the ball on grassy fields and score goals, would walk on a bridge of human flesh that died in war raids. The occupation made a bridge out of the martyrs' flesh and organs and covered it with sand. When my family and I walked, it felt like a Hollywood horror movie.” A sarcastic smile covered his features as he said: “I am still alive.”

He continued describing the scene: On both sides of the checkpoint, there were burned cars with traces of skeletons inside them, the remains of the bodies of people who tried to escape the hell of war. The most terrifying thing that no human mind can bear was that an Israeli bulldozer on the other side, transporting piles of bodies and placing them in one place like a mountain, and severed human organs. All these images came together in the ugly moments we live."

 

Upon arriving in Deir al-Balah, Suleiman Al-Abeed was displaced to a school in the Al-Hikr area. Due to its proximity to the Al-Matahin area, southeast of Deir al-Balah, and near the Al-Qarara area in Khan Yunis, which was subjected to continuous shelling and invasion for a short period of time, he was forced to leave the area after a short time. There were raids that almost killed them all. After that, he headed for his aunt's house in the "Umm Dahir" area of Deir al-Balah with his wife and children. "I was with Haitham Abu Zaher, accompanied by my friends, Ibrahim al-Amur, Muhammad al-Ashram, and Haitham's brothers. As soon as the occupation invaded al-Matahin, it became a dangerous area, and it was bombed. Residents in the area were told to evacuate. At the time, we were still there. On that day, Haitham Abu Zaher made lunch for us. The players and I were in a tent near the house. Ten of his friends came to help him. The house was suddenly hit by a missile, causing Ibrahim al-Amur to suffer injuries as well as Haitham's hand being broken. As for us, we were drowned in a sea of sand and dust.”

 

    Displacement didn't stop. After that, he was forced to move to his other aunt in the Nakhil area, north of Deir al-Balah, and that was the end of the road for him. He settled there. In his own words, he says: “My aunt's house became overcrowded with displaced relatives, so I decided to start a stall to sell some basic necessities to the people. Nevertheless, when I met the player Mohammed Abu Jawhar, who played for the Al-Maghazi Services Club and Al-Hilal of Gaza and who came to this area as a refugee person from the Al-Maghazi area in the middle of the Strip, he set up his tent next to me, adding it to the tent that I already had. For a small amount of money, I bought a solar panel for lighting and charging mobile phones for the displaced, as well as a "beIN Sports" receiver for them. Our group gathered in the tent over the weekend to watch the matches, and friends of the players gathered there as well. I believe that fame was a big part of making the tent a small project, a café to serve drinks.” Attending the matches also inspired us to expand the simple project, bringing a third tent and I also bought a TV screen, and the place became beautiful and spacious enough to accommodate a large number of young people who would like to attend the international matches after such a bloody year.”

 

 In spite of the fact that they lived throughout the whole year in the Gaza Strip, Al-Abeed and his companions never stopped playing their favorite game, football, despite all the hardships they faced. In some of the displacement camps in Deir al-Balah, he was able to take advantage of the presence of many football players. As part of their weekly schedule, they rented one of the private five-a-side pitches in Abu Areef, east of Deir al-Balah, twice a week and divided the rent among themselves. It is estimated that the rental cost was at least (80) Israeli shekels, which is approximately (27) US dollars, divided among fifteen players. He says: “Our practice of football in displacement is an extremely important matter for us to escape despair, frustration and tension, as well as to meet friends and maintain some level of physical fitness at the same time.” Despite the seriousness of the situation, it is expected that any place will be bombed at any time without prior warning, regardless of its location.

 

 

Lost Dreams on Displacement Road

By Nelly Masri

 

“Raise your head as you raise the Palestinian flag,” says Palestinian runner Tamer Qaoud (20 years old), a player on the Palestinian national team for athletics, as he describes the mockery of the occupation soldiers when they ordered him to look at the surveillance camera at the Netzarim checkpoint while he was waiting to be allowed to cross it coming from northern Gaza.”

 

As the genocide in Gaza was continuing at the end of February 2024, the player Qaoud decided to leave the Jabalia Camp and head to the south of the Gaza Strip, as the Palestinian Athletics Federation had asked him to do so in order to be near the Rafah crossing, so he could travel and participate in sports competitions in the region.

 

It was a few days before the war that Tamer took part in the Olympic Games in China on September 23, 2023. Tamer finished tenth in the men's 1500m heat with a time of four minutes and one second. Upon his return to Gaza, he carried many dreams in his bag, and his eyes were fixed on the upcoming international championships that were awaiting him. "I returned to Gaza with many dreams and ambitions in my heart," the voice of his grumbled in pain. It has been decided that I will start a new phase of training with my coach Bilal Abu Semaan in order to prepare for the Olympic Games in Paris in August 2024. Following my training with my coach in Algeria, I traveled to the Track and Field Championship in Iraq, followed by the Paris Olympics, where I competed in the athletics competition.

 

The man remained silent for a while, wiping sweat from his forehead that was dripping, and he seemed to be confused at the same time. In a short time after that, he continued to say: "In a moment, I felt that I had lost everything, my dreams, my home, the playgrounds where I had trained, my friends, everything. We awoke on October 7 to the sounds of shelling and raids and the occupation announced in the first week of the war that our area (Jabalia camp) was dangerous, and leaflets were dropped in the area demanding that residents evacuate on October 13, 2023 due to the danger.

 

   Tamer did not expect our marathon to be different from what he had participated in on international and Arab stadiums earlier in the year. Rather, it was a marathon run in which he ran with his family as well as jumping to escape the fire of the shells and their flames, until he escaped the fire of the shells. All of this was done in a short time.

 

 According to him, the horror of the bloody marathon can be described in the following way: "On the 13th of October 2023, we were forced to leave the house and head to the south of the sector for the sake of safety. We carried the necessary things to bear the displacement. Our journey continued as the Israeli occupation forces began bombing the displaced people who had preceded us a short distance from us while we were still on our way. In a cruel scene devoid of humanity, with injured people lying on the ground, the remains of the displaced people all over the place, and women and children screaming and wailing, it was a cruel sight.”

 

“It was a day that I will never forget.” The day after the bombing, Tamer and his family were forced to return to the bombed house despite the danger the area posed to them. Due to the fact that at that time there weren't any alternatives or solutions to survival, this was the case. “After many hours of fleeing from one place to another to save myself and my family members from the occupation's shells and heavy gunfire, we returned to our destroyed house despite the bombing. In a short period of time, the occupation surrounded and stormed the Indonesian Hospital and Kamal Adwan Hospital, both of which are close to our home, and bombed them."

 

In the midst of artillery shells that reached our house, he continues with his narration as follows: "On the fourth of December 2023, it felt as if time had suddenly slowed down. We were targeted by random shells that were fired directly. While we were inside the house, a fire broke out and the warehouse on the lower floor of the building was completely destroyed by fire. As we rushed towards my uncle's screaming house on the first floor, we heard a commotion on the first floor. We were surprised when my uncle died after an injury. He and many of his family members were injured, and the matter ended with the burning down of our house. Overall, we escaped death by a miracle.”

 

    Tamer and his family were forced to leave their destroyed home once more and fled to his uncle's house near Kamal Adwan Hospital, where they met the same fate as before. "After our house was bombed, we went to my uncle's house to escape the occupation after the bomb was dropped on our house. As soon as we arrived, the house had been bombed with a shell that didn't explode. As there was no place to go, we refused to leave the house and stayed inside because there was no place to go, despite the potential danger of this shell exploding. We then moved to UNRWA schools the next day, where we stayed for a month. We were forced to return to our destroyed home after the occupation destroyed the schools there and stormed some of them.”

 

The difficult days continued for the player Tamer Qaoud, as he hoped that the war would end in the near future, and that he would be able to return to his favorite sport and travel to represent the Palestinian flag at international conferences. However, the date of December 17 proved to be the worst for him, as an unexpected occurrence occurred on that particular date. In his own words, he says: "Despite the darkness and difficulty of the days, I had a great deal of hope that the war would end and I would be able to return to the stadiums. It's shocking, however, that my coach, Bilal Semaan, was killed while trying to rescue the injured from the Israeli bombing. There was a profound sense of frustration and despair in me, since he had always supported me both in training and personally. It was his dream that I would be able to participate in the Olympic Games in 2028. His killing caused me to lose something important to me.”

 

Tamer Qaoud was a participant in many championships outside Palestine, including those in Tunisia, Lebanon, Qatar, Morocco, Algeria, Turkey, China, and Thailand. In the year 2023, he achieved the Asian personal record for 1500 km in 3 minutes and 54 seconds at the Arab Games Championship in Algeria by completing the race in 3 minutes and 54 seconds.

 

In order for an athlete to achieve record numbers, it is necessary to consume the right type of nutrition. It is also important to note that superior athletic performance is not only achieved through extensive training, but also through accurate and appropriate nutrition as well. In Gaza, Tamer and the Palestinian athletes had no access to such nutrition. In his words, "The famine began in the northern Gaza Strip, and the crossings were closed, and for a long time, we did not receive food aid from the outside world." As a result, there was a severe shortage of food materials, including flour and other food products. Because of this, my family and I have been grinding animal feed to satisfy our hunger in order to survive. Taking a moment to think about this, I found it hard to think of myself as an athlete who needs healthy nutrition, not to mention pollution, water, lack of medicines, and diseases and epidemics that could be of concern. I lost a lot of weight.”

 

   As a result of all of the difficult circumstances that Tamer had to deal with, he decided to comply with the request of the Palestinian Athletics Federation to head south of the Gaza Strip. In order to complete his athletic career, he had to journey through the Rafah land crossing in order to do so. At the beginning of February 2024, it was six in the morning. I headed to the Netzarim checkpoint, despite continuous bombing and raids, leaving my family behind so that I could finish my athletic career abroad. It was time to leave Jabalia camp. A little bag containing a few very essential items was on "Qaoud's" shoulders when he arrived at the checkpoint early that morning.

"It was the greatest adventure I could have ever imagined being killed for." In the testimony he provided at that time, he described the situation as frightening: "Many people were standing in a humiliating line, and not far from them, occupation soldiers were trying to provoke them, insult them, and shout offensive things at them through loudspeakers. They seemed tired, in pain, and carrying whatever they could of what remained of their memories and essential needs. They were children, women, and the elderly and young people waiting for their turn to cross the checkpoint. They were forbidden to move or look right or left except by soldiers' order.”

He continues: “At that moment, I was overwhelmed with anxiety and fear that I would be arrested or shot and killed. I saw before me a quick reel of my life, my memories, my sports achievements, my sports dream, and my family. Suddenly, a storm of dust and dirt filled our eyes. I realized that an Israeli tank had done that as a insult and provocation.”

“Eventually, I was able to cross the checkpoint, reach Rafah difficultly, walk on foot, and settle down with my friend after a long journey. Three months have passed since I waited for my name to appear on the list of travelers from the Rafah land crossing. There was a long period of time that passed and I waited for a long time because there were a large number of citizens fleeing the war. After the occupation invaded Rafah in May 2024, the crossing was occupied and closed by the occupation forces and I registered to travel. It was at that time that I was forced to flee to Deir al-Balah in the middle of the Strip in order to avoid death.”

As of this moment, Tamer Qaoud is finally a displaced person in Deir al-Balah, and this is the first time that this has happened. During the wait for him to travel outside the country, all of his dreams were lost and scattered on the side of the road. According to him, after the invasion of Rafah and the closure of the crossing, I was displaced from Rafah by my uncle, and my father was with him during the displacement to Deir al-Balah. It was one of the workers, who worked in the territories occupied in 1948, and at the beginning of the war, the occupation deported him with the workers to the south, and I stayed with him until the end of the war. There was a moment when I realized that my dreams were gone and I would not be able to travel anymore. The dream I had was so far away from becoming reality that I didn't know when it would come true.

 


The Unhealed Wounds

By Nelly Al-Masri

 

"I felt defeated", those were the words he spoke in the middle of his speech. He expressed the curse of loss he experienced twice in his life, once with the loss of his mother and once with his sister's martyrdom. More than once, he describes displacement as the harshest stage of sadness and oppression. During the war, Hamada Muhammad Musa Ishbair, a former Palestine national football team player and current coach of Al-Ahly Palestinian club, had no choice but to flee and protect his family.

 

In his words: "The idea of relocating started after my house was bombed without warning on October 15th 2023, in the Al-Shati’ camp in west Gaza City. In the middle of the night, I heard a huge explosion that shook the foundations of the house as if someone had lifted it from its place and lowered it back to the ground. As a result, there was confusion, tension, and fear among my children. It was a situation in which I had no choice and no room for second thoughts. My wife and I hugged them, and then we got up and left."

 

As Ishbeir explains in a tone of voice that conveys the sense of victory he feels after miraculously escaping with his family and children during the house bombing. You can't tell the difference between a real victory and escaping death. As far as the important stuff was concerned, I didn't take anything. It was a miracle that we escaped the bombing. I left in the clothes I was wearing at the time, as did my children and my wife, who also left in the clothes they were wearing. It was for the sake of preserving our family that we left everything behind. As for money, it could be compensated since for us, the most important thing was to escape and without losing any lives. ”

 

   There was a moment of silence, as if he was racing against time, narrating the painful details that he had experienced, as the people of the Gaza Strip also experienced: "I headed to my relatives' house, my wife's family, but the bombing was waiting for us again, so I headed back. There was a bombing that took place adjacent to the in-law's house, and the room where I was staying had been damaged, so I suffered bruises all over my body.

 

  The situation at that time was becoming more difficult, and the intensity of raids was becoming more intense everywhere at the same time. Due to the lack of a safe house, the decision must be made to flee in this difficult situation. This is similar to what has been done in the past. It was with great fear that I fled while injured and I decided to reach out to Al-Shifa Hospital, which is west of Gaza City. I stayed there for a month and a half, avoiding death for myself and my family. We were informed by the Israeli occupation that Al-Shifa Hospital was not safe, and the Israeli occupation always threatened it, so we had to evacuate the hospital and move to the southern Gaza Strip.

 

  Hamada Ishbair's started as a coach the al-Ahli Club of Palestine, which rose to the Premier League quickly and achieved good results until the seventh week of season 2023-2024. On October 7, 2023, the occupation declared war on Gaza, and the championship was halted. Previously, he promoted the team to the Premier League. His focus was on getting great results with the team, but it was impossible because of the genocidal war.

 

Hamada Ishbair became a coach after retiring from football. He coached his mother club, Khadamat Al-Shate’ Club, as an assistant to Bashir Atallah. Afterwards, he managed Al-Shate’ Club and won the Premier League runner-up. After that, he led Al-Sadaka Club to its first Elite Championship. Coached Palestinian Al-Ahly Club and won the first division football championship and promoted them to the Premier League.

 

In the cycle of displacement, on November 11th 2023, he was displaced from Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza to the southern Gaza Strip. The circle of sadness and pain got wider. “My mom had a serious health problem and spent more than two weeks at Al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital. She was in a very difficult situation at the time.” He recalled how she was in pain with a sad voice and sadness features dominating her face. She couldn't get medicine and treatment from him. He was trying to console her and calm her down. There is no way to describe it, it cannot even be felt and it cannot be described in any way. Having your mother in front of you and not being able to treat her is not an easy thing for her.

Although the hospital was experiencing a difficult health situation and there was a shortage of medications, the hands of fate played a part in the event. She passed away on December 6th 2023, and she was buried in the Deir al-Balah cemetery in the Gaza Strip, where she was laid to rest.

His life of accomplishments and success turned upside down, weighed him down, and made him look pale. Coach Ishbair grew up competing in the Beach Services Khadamat al-Shati’ Club and competed in all age groups before he moved up to the first team in the club. Over the course of more than ten years, he served as a team captain. He got retired from the Khadamat al-Shate' Club. As a player for Palestine's youth and Olympic teams, he also played for the first national team. He represented Palestine at all international forums, Asian qualifiers, West Asia, the Arab Championship, and the Asian Olympics. Nearly a hundred international games were played by him.

“I was displaced after my mom passed away with my family and siblings to the UNRWA Industrial School in Khan Yunis, south of Gaza.” During the three months we stayed in the school, the occupation besieged us. It continued to bomb the school area, causing unexpected and unimaginable things.

  “My sister was martyred along with other martyrs, after suffocating from smoke during the school bombing. As part of the martyrs' remembrance, she was buried inside the school along with the other martyrs.”

 Ishbair's most difficult situations didn't end. In his own words, he says that after his mother died due to a lack of medicine, my sister became seriously ill, and my sister was martyred during the bombing. As a general rule, the atmosphere was extremely painful, there was pain, wounds, displacement, and loss in abundance. “I was, however, shocked to find out that the Nasser Hospital administration in Khan Yunis asked me to retrieve my sister's body, which had been buried at the UNRWA Industrial School six months ago, and transfer it to the Deir al-Balah cemetery next to my mother's grave. Would that be possible for me to do then?”

 As a result of the separation, the wound from the separation began to bleed again. His emotions were suppressed and he tried not to show his feelings to anyone. Even though Gazan men experience the same pain and oppression as Gazan women and children, it is important to note that everyone is in the same situation.

We were forced to move to Rafah in the southern Gaza Strip and two of my brothers were arrested and we have not been able to get in touch with them since. Is there any oppression greater than what we are experiencing right now?" He asked in pain. "After that, I and all my family members were displaced to Rafah and stayed there for a period of more than three months."

We were shocked to find leaflets dropped on the Rafah Governorate by the occupation demanding that residents and displaced people leave and evacuate the area. It was in preparation for its invasion. Immediately, we headed to Deir al-Balah in the central governorate. We didn't know where to go. I was paralyzed. What happened after Deir al-Balah? Our strength had failed us and we couldn't do anything. I'm now in a camp for athletes in Deir al-Balah.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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